Cellular respiration and oxygen:
Breathing seems like a simple process to all human beings. In reality there is a complicated network inside of our bodies that keeps us alive by keeping it full of oxygen. In order for an organism to breathe, it has to go through a process known as respiration (Mader). This is when oxygen flows into the body, and carbon dioxide is released (Unknown). This oxygen flow goes from the lungs, lead into the bloodstream, and then into the cells (Mader).
Breathing seems like a simple process to all human beings. In reality there is a complicated network inside of our bodies that keeps us alive by keeping it full of oxygen. In order for an organism to breathe, it has to go through a process known as respiration (Mader). This is when oxygen flows into the body, and carbon dioxide is released (Unknown). This oxygen flow goes from the lungs, lead into the bloodstream, and then into the cells (Mader).
Also, microbes, fungi, and plants obtain oxygen by cellular respiration, which occurs because of the direct diffusion through their surfaces (Unknown). Diffusion into the blood refers to oxygen passing through a moist layer of cells on the surface of the body (Unknown). After that, it passes through capillary walls, and into the bloodstream (Unknown). This is considered a little more advanced than direct diffusion, and segmented worms, and amphibians use this type of respiration (Unknown).
When it comes to insects and humans, they also have different types of respiration. Insects use tracheal respiration, which involves air moving through openings in the surface of the body known as spiracles (Unknown). The trachea is divided into many smaller branches that are in contact with muscles and organs (Unknown). In larger insects, their body movements assist their tracheal air movement (Unknown). Humans and mammals on the other hand undergo a much more complicated process (Unknown). Lungs are the special organs composed of many chambers filled with blood capillaries that help us breathe. After air enters the lungs, oxygen is diffused into the blood stream through the wall of the blood capillaries (Unknown). After flowing through the capillaries in the lungs, it moves to different muscles and organs in the body (Unknown).
Cardiovascular system and blood:
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, arteries, veins and capillaries (Unknown 2). The cardiovascular system is also known as the circulatory system, in which blood is pumped by the heart around a circle of vessels, and passes through different parts of the body (Unknown 2).
When it comes to the survival of embryos, they depend on the circulation of blood that maintains homeostasis (Unknown 2). The cardiovascular system appears early in development, and reaches a functional state long before any other major organ system (Unknown 2). The heart begins to beat regularly within the forth week following fertilization (Unknown 2).
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, arteries, veins and capillaries (Unknown 2). The cardiovascular system is also known as the circulatory system, in which blood is pumped by the heart around a circle of vessels, and passes through different parts of the body (Unknown 2).
When it comes to the survival of embryos, they depend on the circulation of blood that maintains homeostasis (Unknown 2). The cardiovascular system appears early in development, and reaches a functional state long before any other major organ system (Unknown 2). The heart begins to beat regularly within the forth week following fertilization (Unknown 2).
One of the most important roles the cardiovascular system has is maintaining homeostasis (Unknown 2). Homeostasis depends on the continuous and controlled movement of blood through the capillaries that permeate every tissue and reach every cell in the body (Unknown 2). Other numerous control mechanisms help regulate and integrate functions in the cardiovascular system in order to supply blood to specific areas (Unknown 2). These mechanisms are what ensure a constant internal environment for each body cell (Unknown 2).
Another important characteristic of human life is blood. Blood is responsible for transporting oxygen from the lungs to body tissue and carbon dioxide from body tissue to the lungs (Franklin). Blood is also responsible for transporting nourishment from digestion and hormones from glands throughout the body, and transporting disease fighting substances to the tissue and waste to the kidneys (Franklin).
The average human adult has approximately five liters of blood inside their body (Franklin). Human blood is also considered a living entity because it contains living cells that are alive (Franklin). The main cells in the blood stream are red blood cells and white blood cells (Franklin). These cells are mainly responsible for nourishing and cleaning the body (Franklin).
Immunity and Microbes:
Microbes, or microorganisms are too small to be seen by the human eye (Mader). Microbes can be bacteria, fungi, archaea, or protists (Mader). These organisms tend to be unicellular, but can also be multi-cellular also (Mader).
Another important characteristic of human life is blood. Blood is responsible for transporting oxygen from the lungs to body tissue and carbon dioxide from body tissue to the lungs (Franklin). Blood is also responsible for transporting nourishment from digestion and hormones from glands throughout the body, and transporting disease fighting substances to the tissue and waste to the kidneys (Franklin).
The average human adult has approximately five liters of blood inside their body (Franklin). Human blood is also considered a living entity because it contains living cells that are alive (Franklin). The main cells in the blood stream are red blood cells and white blood cells (Franklin). These cells are mainly responsible for nourishing and cleaning the body (Franklin).
Immunity and Microbes:
Microbes, or microorganisms are too small to be seen by the human eye (Mader). Microbes can be bacteria, fungi, archaea, or protists (Mader). These organisms tend to be unicellular, but can also be multi-cellular also (Mader).
Microbes can live nearly anywhere on earth where there is water (Mader).
They can even live in hot springs, the ocean floor, and deep inside rocks within the earth’s crust (Mader). These organisms are important in nutrient recycling in ecosystems where they act as decomposers (Mader).
Microbes, such as bacteria, are prokaryotic cells (Frolich pg.2). Most of the life on Earth is bacterial, but not disease-causing (Frolich pg.2). This is where the immune system comes into play, and must recognize the cells that aren’t disease carrying (Frolich pg.2). Also, if viruses are escaped parts of a genome or DNA of different organisms, they won’t be able to survive outside the cell (Frolich pg.2).
White blood cells are what fight invading microbes as part of the immune system (Frolich pg.2). These white blood cells include lymphocytes, monoscytes, and basophils (Frolich pg.2). Lymphocytes are what recognize invaders, while basophils release certain substances that ‘alert’ the other cells (Frolich pg.2). Then the monocytes actually engulf microbes (Frolich pg.2). These invaders are viruses, bacteria or any other substance that is not part of our body (Frolich pg.2).
During early human development, immune cells are exposed to the body’s own cells and proteins on their surface (Frolich pg.2). Also, the immune cell precursors that attack our own cells are eliminated, and the cells that recognize other cells continue to develop as T-cells and B-cells (Frolich pg.2). The T-cells and B-cells are what recognize the foreign proteins that are on invaders but have been selected so they try to kill the body’s own cells (Frolich pg.2).
B-cells also help in producing highly variable proteins known as antibodies (Frolich pg.3). Antibodies are responsible for the recognition of foreign proteins on the invaders, also known as antigens (Frolich pg.3). These antibodies are free in the blood stream, and the proteins that they recognize are made by transcription and translation of certain regions of the DNA (Frolich pg.3).
In order to get rid of invaders, phagocytes move through blood, lymph and into connective tissues (Frolich pg.3). After that, macrophages engulf and dissolve the invading microbes. There are three main types of macrophages including langerhans, phagocytes, and microglial cells (Frolich pg.3). Langerhans cells are located in the skin, while phagocytes live in the blood (Frolich pg.3). The macrophages that are located in the central nervous system are known as microglial (Frolich pg.3). This type of immunity is known as non-specific immunity because it doesn’t depend on antibodies or B-cells and T-cells (Frolich pg.3). This type of immunity is also weak once an infection is already spread, and then specific immunity antibodies are needed into order to recognize an invader (Frolich pg.3).
AIDS:
AIDS is a term that is short for acquired immune deficiency syndrome, and HIV is short for human immunodeficiency virus (Frolich pg.4). HIV is a virus that kills or damages cells of the body’s immune system (Medline). HIV is most often spread through unprotected sex with an infected person (Medline). AIDS can also be spread by sharing drug needles, or through the contact with the blood of an infected person (Medline). AIDS can also be handed down to children of pregnant women (Medline).
Some of the first signs of HIV can be swollen glands, and flu-like symptoms (Medline). These signs can come and go a month or two after infection, and severe symptoms can even appear months or years after infection (Medline). This process can appear years later because the HIV virus doesn’t actually kill, but lowers body defenses as the T-cell count drop until the immune system can’t handle it anymore (Frolich pg.3). T-cells are able to recognize antigens, but they can’t actually do anything about it on their own (Frolich pg.3). Without T-cells most infections can not be stopped (Frolich pg.3).
In order to get rid of invaders, phagocytes move through blood, lymph and into connective tissues (Frolich pg.3). After that, macrophages engulf and dissolve the invading microbes. There are three main types of macrophages including langerhans, phagocytes, and microglial cells (Frolich pg.3). Langerhans cells are located in the skin, while phagocytes live in the blood (Frolich pg.3). The macrophages that are located in the central nervous system are known as microglial (Frolich pg.3). This type of immunity is known as non-specific immunity because it doesn’t depend on antibodies or B-cells and T-cells (Frolich pg.3). This type of immunity is also weak once an infection is already spread, and then specific immunity antibodies are needed into order to recognize an invader (Frolich pg.3).
AIDS:
AIDS is a term that is short for acquired immune deficiency syndrome, and HIV is short for human immunodeficiency virus (Frolich pg.4). HIV is a virus that kills or damages cells of the body’s immune system (Medline). HIV is most often spread through unprotected sex with an infected person (Medline). AIDS can also be spread by sharing drug needles, or through the contact with the blood of an infected person (Medline). AIDS can also be handed down to children of pregnant women (Medline).
Some of the first signs of HIV can be swollen glands, and flu-like symptoms (Medline). These signs can come and go a month or two after infection, and severe symptoms can even appear months or years after infection (Medline). This process can appear years later because the HIV virus doesn’t actually kill, but lowers body defenses as the T-cell count drop until the immune system can’t handle it anymore (Frolich pg.3). T-cells are able to recognize antigens, but they can’t actually do anything about it on their own (Frolich pg.3). Without T-cells most infections can not be stopped (Frolich pg.3).
Though these results are devastating, there are some treatments available (USA). Some Anti-HIV medications are used to control the reproduction of the virus, and also to slow the progression of HIV related diseases (USA). Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy is recommended treatment for HIV infection (USA). This treatment combines three or more anti-HIV medications do not cure HIV, and people taking these medications can still transmit HIV to others (USA). There are other available drugs for treatment, but the amount of pills people need to take differ from doctor to doctor (USA).
Though anyone can be infected with AIDS, and HIV, it is more widespread in Africa and Asia (Frolich pg.3). Even though this is true, 15,000 people in the U.S. alone die from AIDS, and more than 2.8 million deaths each year worldwide (Cruzan).
Though anyone can be infected with AIDS, and HIV, it is more widespread in Africa and Asia (Frolich pg.3). Even though this is true, 15,000 people in the U.S. alone die from AIDS, and more than 2.8 million deaths each year worldwide (Cruzan).
Citations:
Cruzan, Susan “US food and drug administration”. 2006 : http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/NEWS/2006/NEW01395.html
Franklin institute “Human blood”. 2007 : http://www.fi.edu/biosci/blood/blood.html
Frolich, Larry “Oxygen powerpoint slides” pg.2-3
Mader, Sylvia “Human Biology 10th edition”. 2008
Medline Plus “AIDS”. 2007 : http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/aids.html#skip
Unknown “Respiration” 2007 : http://www.scienceclarified.com/Qu-Ro/Respiration.html
Unknown 2 “Cardiovascular system” 2007 : http://training.seer.cancer.gov/module_anatomy/unit7_1_cardvasc_intro.html
USA Today “Treatment of AIDS”. 2001
Picture citations:
Lungs - http://fds.oup.com/www.oup.co.uk/images/oxed/children/yoes/humans/lungs.jpg
Sponge - http://www.hewit.com/acatalog/Images/p-sponge.jpg
Jellyfish - http://www.ices.dk/marineworld/photogallery/images/jellyfish.jpg
Flatworms - http://home.att.net/~larvalbugbio/flatworm.jpg
Segmented worms - http://www.biosbcc.net/ocean/marinesci/03ecology/sbimg/bch24.jpg
Amphibians - http://www.ashtonbiodiversity.org/images/amphibians.jpg
Insects - http://www.bestoday.com.au/billylids/images/insects.jpg
Trachea - http://library.thinkquest.org/5777/images/41b.gif
Embryo - http://www.scienceclarified.com/images/uesc_04_img0230.jpg
Microbes - http://www.astro.northwestern.edu/Astrobiology/JPG/Microbes.jpg
T – cell –http://www.lbl.gov/Publications/Currents/Archive/view-assets/Oct-03-2003/t-cell2.jpg
B – cell - http://www.aecom.yu.edu/aif/gallery/sem/b-cell-buds-virus_c2005AECO.gif
HIV map – http://web.mit.edu/jwalden/www/presentation/media/AIDS_Map_Adults1.gif
HIV - http://www.avert.org/photo_library/images/normal_photo_no_261.jpg
Cruzan, Susan “US food and drug administration”. 2006 : http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/NEWS/2006/NEW01395.html
Franklin institute “Human blood”. 2007 : http://www.fi.edu/biosci/blood/blood.html
Frolich, Larry “Oxygen powerpoint slides” pg.2-3
Mader, Sylvia “Human Biology 10th edition”. 2008
Medline Plus “AIDS”. 2007 : http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/aids.html#skip
Unknown “Respiration” 2007 : http://www.scienceclarified.com/Qu-Ro/Respiration.html
Unknown 2 “Cardiovascular system” 2007 : http://training.seer.cancer.gov/module_anatomy/unit7_1_cardvasc_intro.html
USA Today “Treatment of AIDS”. 2001
Picture citations:
Lungs - http://fds.oup.com/www.oup.co.uk/images/oxed/children/yoes/humans/lungs.jpg
Sponge - http://www.hewit.com/acatalog/Images/p-sponge.jpg
Jellyfish - http://www.ices.dk/marineworld/photogallery/images/jellyfish.jpg
Flatworms - http://home.att.net/~larvalbugbio/flatworm.jpg
Segmented worms - http://www.biosbcc.net/ocean/marinesci/03ecology/sbimg/bch24.jpg
Amphibians - http://www.ashtonbiodiversity.org/images/amphibians.jpg
Insects - http://www.bestoday.com.au/billylids/images/insects.jpg
Trachea - http://library.thinkquest.org/5777/images/41b.gif
Embryo - http://www.scienceclarified.com/images/uesc_04_img0230.jpg
Microbes - http://www.astro.northwestern.edu/Astrobiology/JPG/Microbes.jpg
T – cell –http://www.lbl.gov/Publications/Currents/Archive/view-assets/Oct-03-2003/t-cell2.jpg
B – cell - http://www.aecom.yu.edu/aif/gallery/sem/b-cell-buds-virus_c2005AECO.gif
HIV map – http://web.mit.edu/jwalden/www/presentation/media/AIDS_Map_Adults1.gif
HIV - http://www.avert.org/photo_library/images/normal_photo_no_261.jpg
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